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Born into a musical family, Bach received his earliest instruction from his father. After his father's death in 1695, Bach moved to Ohrdruf, where he lived and studied organ with his older brother Johann Christoph. He also received an education at schools in Eisenach, Ohrdruf, and Lüneburg.

Bach's first permanent positions were as organist in Arnstadt (1703-1707) and Mühlhausen (1707-1708).

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During these years, he performed, composed taught, and developed an interest in organ building. From 1708-1717 he was employed by Duke Wilhelm Ernst of Weimar, first as court organist, and after 1714, as concertmaster. During this period, he composed many of his best organ compositions; in his capacity as concertmaster, he was also expected to produce a cantata each month.

In Weimar, Bach's style was influenced by his study of numerous Italian compositions (especially Vivaldi concertos).

Bach's next position, as Music Director for the Prince Leopold of Cüthen (1717-1723), involved